Diagnostic dilemma in a patient with nasopharyngeal tuberculosis: A case report and literature review.

Tuberculosis remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally, with a global total of about 10 million people falling ill with it in 2020. Until the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, tuberculosis was the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent. Nasopharyngeal tuberculosis is a rare type of extrapulmonary tuberculosis that may be either primary or secondary to pulmonary tuberculosis. Nasopharyngeal tuberculosis may be mistaken for nasopharyngeal carcinoma as both conditions may present with a nasopharyngeal mass and cervical lymph node enlargement. We present a case of nasopharyngeal tuberculosis secondary to pulmonary tuberculosis who presented without any nasal or respiratory symptoms. The patient presented with a cervical lymph node enlargement and a nasopharyngeal mass was detected on nasal endoscopy. Fine needle cytology from the cervical node and the initial biopsy report from the nasopharyngeal mass were not confirmatory, causing a diagnostic dilemma. A repeat biopsy from the nasopharyngeal mass with the demonstration of caseating granuloma and acid-fast bacilli in the specimen pointed to the diagnosis of nasopharyngeal tuberculosis. The patient responded well to the standard 6-month anti-tubercular regimen. Nasopharyngeal tuberculosis may mimic nasopharyngeal carcinoma and a repeat biopsy may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis.

Lung decortication for spontaneous hydropneumothorax in post COVID patients: A case series.

Hydropneumothorax is an abnormal collection of air and fluid in the pleural space. As it is a rare complication of COVID-19 pneumonia, we report a case series of spontaneous hydropneumothorax converted to pus collection that was resistant to medical management and treated as decortication and pleurectomy.

Tuberculosis and COVID-19: A combined global threat to human civilization.

A new era has begun with the discovery of SARS-CoV-2 in a seafood market in Wuhan, China. The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak has wreaked havoc on health systems and generated worldwide attention. The world's attention was diverted from the treatment of the leading chronic infectious illness, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The similarities in the performance of the two infectious species had obvious repercussions. Administrative efforts to combat SARS-CoV-2 have weakened the tuberculosis control chain. As a result, progress against tuberculosis has slowed. Thus, the goal of this review is to examine the impact of SARS- CoV-2 on a chronic public health issue: tuberculosis.

Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis and Tuberculosis Complicated by Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis - Sequelae of COVID-19 in a Liver Transplant Recipient.

Liver transplant recipients are at an increased risk of opportunistic infections due to the use of immunosuppression. Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) increases the risk of these infections further due to associated immune dysfunction and the use of high-dose steroids. We present a case of a liver transplant recipient who developed disseminated tuberculosis and invasive pulmonary aspergillosis complicated by acquired hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis after recovering from severe COVID-19.

COVID-19 and pulmonary tuberculosis - A diagnostic dilemma.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Meanwhile, pulmonary tuberculosis(TB) is one of the most common infective lung diseases in developing nations. The concurrence of pulmonary TB and COVID-19 can lead to poor prognosis, owing to the pre-existing lung damage caused by TB. Case presentation: We describe the imaging findings in 3 cases of COVID-19 pneumonia with co-existing pulmonary TB on HRCT thorax. The concurrence of COVID-19 and pulmonary TB can be a diagnostic dilemma. Correct diagnosis and prompt management is imperative to reduce mortality and morbidity. Hence it is pertinent for imaging departments to identify and report these distinct entities when presenting in conjunction.

COVID-19 pneumonia with pulmonary tuberculosis: Double trouble.

A 75-year-old male presented with acute febrile respiratory illness with hypoxia and anorexia of longer duration; computed tomography (CT) of the thorax was suggestive of cavitary lung disease, with sputum smear positive for acid-fast bacilli and also having classical COVID-19 pneumonia patterns in the CT thorax; and COVID-19 rapid antigen test was positive. He was treated for COVID-19 pneumonia and antituberculosis treatment was initiated at the discharge. He was recovered of both conditions, and we have documented the crucial role of chest CT in managing this case in this pandemic period.

Genital tb-diagnostic algorithm and treatment.

Female genital tuberculosis (FGTB) is a common cause of infertility in India but its diagnosis remains elusive due to paucibacillary nature of disease. Traditional methods of diagnosis include demonstration of acid fast bacilli on endometrial or peritoneal biopsy or epithelioid granuloma on the biopsy or positive gene Xpert on the biopsy, but they are positive in small percentage of cases only missing diagnosis in many cases. Positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) alone is not taken for diagnosis due to high false positivity. Diagnostic laparoscopy and hysteroscopy can detect many cases by direct demonstration of TB lesions. Composite reference standard is a useful method to diagnose FGTB. This review discusses various diagnostic modalities including endometrial or peritoneal biopsy to detect acid fast bacilli on microscopic or culture or epithelioid granuloma, role of PCR, role of radiological imaging (hysterosalpingography, ultrasound, CT scan, MRI and PET-CT scan) and role of endoscopic techniques (laparoscopy and hysteroscopy) in diagnosis of FGTB including role of composite reference standard. The International and National studies highlight the role of composite reference standard and its components like demonstration of AFB on microscopy or culture of endometrial or peritoneal biopsy or epithelioid granuloma or gene Xpert or PCR or latest tests like loop-mediated isothermal amplification (TB-LAMP) test and other newer molecular methods like Xpert Ultra for diagnosis of FGTB. It also detects role of endoscopy in FGTB and role of diagnostic algorithm for diagnosis of FGTB. Treatment is with four primary drugs (rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambutol and pyrazinamide) for two months followed by three drugs (rifampicin, isoniazid and ethambutol) daily orally for 4 months for drug sensitive FGTB. Shorter Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) regimen is given for Rifampicin resistant (RR)/MDR confined to only FGTB while longer all oral regimen is given for RR/MDR with or without additional drug resistance, HIV seropositives with FGTB or involvement of other sites or pulmonary TB (PTB) along with FGTB. Composite reference standard which combines various diagnostic modalities is a useful strategy to diagnose FGTB.